Relationship between depression, anxiety, stress and smartphone addiction in COVID-19 nursing students / Relación entre depresión, ansiedad, estrés y dependencia del smartphone en estudiantes de enfermería durante la COVID-19 / Relação entre depressão, ansiedade, estresse e dependência de smartphone em estudantes de enfermagem na COVID-19

Objective: to verify the relationship between symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and smartphone addiction in COVID-19 nursing students. Method: this was a descriptive-analytical study of 206 nursing students. A sociodemographic characterization and smartphone use instrument adapted from the literature and the following scales Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Smartphone Addiction Inventory were used for data collection. Sociodemographic data and smartphone use were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the relationship between symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress and smartphone addiction was analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: the prevalence of smartphone addiction among nursing students was 129 (62.6%) and there was a relationship between symptoms of moderate depression (p=0.049), severe/very severe depression (p=0.005) and mild anxiety (p=0.028) and severe/very severe anxiety (p=0.019) and smartphone addiction. Conclusion: the data show that the construction and implementation of smartphone use policies in the academic and hospital context to prevent smartphone addiction and control associated risk factors is necessary.

Objetivo: verificar la relación entre síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, estrés y dependencia del smartphone en estudiantes de enfermería durante la COVID-19. Método: estudio descriptivo-analítico realizado con 206 estudiantes de enfermería. Para la recogida de datos se utilizaron un instrumento de caracterización sociodemográfica y uso del smartphone adaptado de la literatura y las siguientes escalas: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale y Smartphone Addiction Inventory. Los datos sociodemográficos y el uso del smartphone se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas y la relación entre síntomas de depresión, ansiedad, estrés y dependencia del smartphone se analizó mediante la regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: la prevalencia de dependencia del smartphone en estudiantes de enfermería fue de 129 (62,6%) y hubo relación entre síntomas de depresión moderada (p=0,049), grave/muy grave (p=0,005) y ansiedad leve (p=0,028) y grave/muy grave (p=0,019) y dependencia del smartphone. Conclusión: los datos revelan que la construcción e implementación de políticas de uso del smartphone en el contexto académico y hospitalario para la prevención de la dependencia del smartphone y el control de los factores de riesgo asociados son necesarias.

Objetivo: verificar a relação entre sintomas de depressão, ansiedade, estresse e dependência de smartphone em estudantes de enfermagem na COVID-19. Método: estudo descritivo-analítico realizado com 206 estudantes de enfermagem. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados um instrumento de caracterização sociodemográfica e uso do smartphone adaptado da literatura e as seguintes escalas: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale e Smartphone Addiction Inventory. Os dados sociodemográficos e o uso do smartphone foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas e a relação entre sintomas de depressão, ansiedade, estresse e dependência de smartphone foi analisada a partir de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: a prevalência de dependência de smartphone em estudantes de enfermagem foi de 129 (62,6%) e houve relação entre sintomas de depressão moderada (p=0,049), grave/muito grave (p=0,005) e ansiedade leve (p=0,028) e grave/muito grave (p=0,019) e dependência de smartphone. Conclusão: os dados revelam que a construção e a implementação de políticas de uso do smartphone no contexto acadêmico e hospitalar para prevenção da dependência de smartphone e controle dos fatores de risco associados são necessárias.

Hiperconectados: las niñas, los niños y los adolescentes en las redes sociales. El fenómeno de TikTok / Hyperconnected: children and adolescents on social media. The TikTok phenomenon

Las plataformas digitales de comunicación en red revolucionaron el modo de comunicarnos, informarnos y entretenernos; impactaron principalmente en las nuevas generaciones. La pandemia incrementó los patrones de consumo en todas las edades y sus consecuencias: sedentarismo; obesidad; alteraciones del sueño, psicológicas, cognitivas, de la memoria/atención, del rendimiento académico; comportamientos problemáticos y riesgos de ciberacoso. La actividad de las nuevas generaciones en TikTok ­una plataforma donde pueden crear, visualizar, compartir videos y retos virales­ tiene impacto en su comportamiento. Sus publicaciones generan aprobaciones, comentarios y seguidores; esto estimula el circuito dopaminérgico de recompensa, que es la base de los comportamientos adictivos. El pediatra debe conocer estas conductas para recomendar buenas prácticas de uso. Esta revisión narrativa, basada en bibliografía de PubMed Central, SciELO, recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales, tiene como objetivo informar y actualizar a los profesionales sobre la plataforma, sus características y sus recomendaciones de uso seguro.

Network communication digital platforms have revolutionized the way we communicate, get information, and entertain ourselves; they have had a major impact on the new generations. The pandemic has increased consumption patterns at all ages and its consequences: a sedentary lifestyle, obesity, sleep, psychological, cognitive, memory/attention, and academic performance disorders, problematic behaviors, and risks of cyberbullying. The activity of the new generations on TikTok ­a platform that allows them to create, view, share videos and viral challenges­ has affected their behavior. Their posts lead to likes, comments, and followers; this stimulates the dopaminergic reward system, which is the basis of addictive behaviors. Pediatricians should be aware of these behaviors in order to recommend good practices. The objective of this narrative review, based on the bibliography from PubMed Central, SciELO, national and international recommendations, is to provide information and an update to health care providers on TikTok, its characteristics, and the recommendations for safe use.

Internet addiction and depressive symptoms: a dose-response effect mediated by levels of physical activity

Abstract Introduction There are several negative impacts on the physical and mental health of people presenting internet addiction, including development of mood disorders, such as depression. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between internet addiction and depressive symptoms, as well as to test the mediating role of physical activity in this association. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate students from three universities (one private and two public institutions) in southern Brazil. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21), internet addiction with the Internet Addiction Test (IAT-20), and physical activity with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ - short version). Poisson regression and the Karlson-Holm-Breen mediation method were used for statistical analyses. Results We observed a dose-response relationship between internet addiction and depressive symptoms. Levels of physical activity mediated the association between moderate internet addiction and depressive symptoms, accounting for 10.7% of the effect observed. Conclusion Internet addiction can be detrimental to individuals' health, contributing to development of depressive symptoms. Along with psychological and pharmacological therapies, prescription of physical activities is recommended.

Factors associated with smartphone addiction in nursing students / Factores asociados con la adicción a smartphone en estudiantes de enfermería / Fatores associados à adicção ao smartphone em universitários de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the factors associated with smartphone addiction in nursing students. Method a descriptive, correlational and quantitative study, conducted in two public universities in the Northeast of Brazil, from April to June 2019. Four instruments were used for the purpose of data collection: sociodemographic characterization, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) scale. Results the majority of nursing students were female, 239 (80.2%), and had an average age of 22 years. One hundred and sixty-five (55.4%) declared themselves brown, 236 (79.2%) only studied and 11 (37.2%) had one to two minimum wages as family income. Regarding marital status, 277 (93.0%) were single and 168 (56.4%) lived with their parents. Two hundred and two (67.8%) did not practice physical activity and 269 (90.3%) had never smoked or smoked for less than one month. The overall prevalence of smartphone addiction in nursing students was 142 (47.7%). The factors associated with smartphone addiction in nursing students were: AUDIT (p=0.036), overall PSQI score (p <0.001), sleep quality (p=0.008), sleep latency (p=0.001), medication use (p=0.050) and daytime dysfunction (0.000). Conclusion there is a need to develop educational interventions for rational use of the smartphone inside and outside universities and to develop public policies for health promotion and prevention of related comorbidities.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar los factores asociados a la adicción al smartphone en estudiantes de enfermería. Método estudio descriptivo, correlacional y cuantitativo, realizado en dos universidades públicas del Nordeste de Brasil, de abril a junio de 2019. Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron cuatro instrumentos: caracterización sociodemográfica, Prueba de Identificación de Trastornos por Uso de Alcohol (AUDIT), Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh (PSQI) y la escala del Inventario de adicciones a teléfonos inteligentes (SPAI). Resultados la mayoría de los estudiantes de enfermería eran mujeres, 239 (80,2%) y tenían una edad promedio de 22 años. Ciento sesenta y cinco (55,4%) se declararon morenos, 236 (79,2%) sólo estudiaron y 11 (37,2%) tenían de uno a dos salarios mínimos como ingreso familiar. En cuanto al estado civil, 277 (93,0%) eran solteros y 168 (56,4%) vivían con sus padres. Doscientos dos (67,8%) no practicaban actividad física y 269 (90,3%) nunca habían fumado ni fumado durante menos de un mes. La prevalencia general de adicción a teléfonos inteligentes en estudiantes de enfermería fue de 142 (47,7%). Los factores asociados con la adicción a los teléfonos inteligentes en estudiantes de enfermería fueron: AUDIT (p=0.036), puntaje general del PSQI (p<0.001), calidad del sueño (p= 0.008), latencia del sueño (p=0.001), uso de medicación (p=0.050) y disfunción diurna (0,000). Conclusión es necesario desarrollar intervenciones educativas para el uso racional del teléfono inteligente dentro y fuera de las universidades y desarrollar políticas públicas de promoción de la salud y prevención de las comorbilidades relacionadas.

RESUMO Objetivo analisar os fatores associados à adicção ao smartphone em universitários de Enfermagem. Método estudo descritivo, correlacional e quantitativo, realizado em duas Universidades públicas do Nordeste do Brasil, no período de abril a junho de 2019. Para coleta de dados, foram utilizados quatro instrumentos: caracterização sociodemográfica, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) e a escala Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). Resultado a maioria dos universitários de Enfermagem era do sexo feminino, 239 (80,2%), e tinha idade média de 22 anos. Cento e sessenta e cinco (55,4%) se autodeclararam pardos, 236 (79,2%) apenas estudavam e 11 (37,2%) tinham de um a dois salários-mínimos como renda familiar. Em relação ao estado civil, 277 (93,0%) eram solteiros e 168 (56,4%) moravam com os pais. Duzentos e dois (67,8%) não praticavam atividade física e 269 (90,3%) nunca fumaram ou estavam fumando há um período menor que um mês. A prevalência global da adicção ao smartphone nos universitários de Enfermagem foi de 142 (47,7%). Os fatores associados à adicção ao smartphone em universitários de Enfermagem foram: AUDIT (p=0,036), pontuação global do PSQI (p <0,001), qualidade do sono (p=0,008), latência do sono (p=0,001), uso de medicamentos (p=0,050) e disfunção durante o dia (0,000). Conclusão há necessidade de se construir intervenções educativas para uso racional do smartphone dentro e fora das Universidades e desenvolver políticas públicas de promoção da saúde e prevenção de comorbidades relacionadas.

Vulnerability of pregnant women using alcohol and other drugs in low-risk prenatal care / Vulnerabilidad de gestantes que consumen alcohol y otras drogas en el prenatal de bajo riesgo / Vulnerabilidade de gestantes usuárias de álcool e outras drogas em pré-natal de baixo risco

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the contexts that enhance the dimensions of individual, social, and programmatic vulnerability associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy. Method: qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory, cross-sectional study. Participants were 38 pregnant women who used alcohol and other drugs, at a moderate and severe level, in low-risk prenatal care in the Primary Health Care of two cities in the Metropolitan Region of Maringá - Paraná. Data was collected from, December 2019 to March 2020. The Vulnerability analytical framework guided the discussion. Results: at the individual level, the vulnerability contexts were issues of gender, brown and black ethnicity/color, low education, reproductive period, and high parity. At the social level, the lack of insertion in the job market, family income below the poverty line, abusive intra-family relationships, addictive behavior in the family, and violence in the living community. In the programmatic plan, there was a low demand for health services, lack of welcoming for the treatment of drug use, screening for deficient drug use, low bond with family health teams, absence of dental, psychological, and social services, insertion in the inadequate level of prenatal care, usual risk, while they should have been classified as high risk, and mean prenatal consultations below recommended. Conclusion: the study made it possible to advance in the contexts of the vulnerability of these pregnant women. Recognizing these contexts makes it possible to formulate strategies to reduce harm and damages to maternal and fetal health related to drug use during pregnancy, leading to a favorable gestational outcome.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar los contextos que potencian las dimensiones de vulnerabilidad individual, social y programática asociadas al consumo de alcohol y otras drogas durante el embarazo. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, transversal. Participaron 38 gestantes que consumían alcohol y otras drogas, en grado moderado y severo, en el prenatal de bajo riesgo en la Atención Primaria de Salud de dos municipios de la Región Metropolitana de Maringá - Paraná. . Los datos se recopilaron desde diciembre de 2019 a marzo de 2020. El marco analítico de Vulnerabilidad orientó la discusión. Resultados: en el plano individual, los contextos de vulnerabilidad detectados fueron: cuestiones de género, raza/color pardo y negro, baja escolaridad, período reproductivo y alta paridad. A nivel social, la falta de inserción en el mercado laboral, ingresos familiares por debajo de la línea de pobreza, relaciones intrafamiliares abusivas, conductas adictivas en la familia y violencia en la comunidad de convivencia. En el plano programático se constató baja demanda de servicios de salud, falta de acogida para el tratamiento del consumo de drogas, rastreo por consumo deficiente de drogas, escasa vinculación con los equipos de salud de la familia, falta de atención odontológica, psicológica y del servicio social, inserción en nivel inadecuado de atención prenatal, clasificación como riesgo habitual, cuando correspondía la clasificación de alto riesgo, y promedio de consultas prenatales por debajo de lo recomendado. Conclusión: el estudio permitió avanzar en los contextos de vulnerabilidad de estas gestantes. El (re)conocimiento de estos contextos permite formular estrategias para reducir los daños y perjuicios a la salud materna y fetal relacionados con el uso de drogas durante el embarazo, lo que conduce a un resultado gestacional favorable.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar os contextos que potencializam as dimensões de vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática associadas ao uso de álcool e outras drogas durante a gravidez. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, com corte transversal. Participaram 38 gestantes usuárias álcool e outras drogas, em nível moderado e grave, em atendimento pré-natal de baixo risco na Atenção Primária à Saúde de dois municípios da Região Metropolitana de Maringá - Paraná. Os dados foram coletados de dezembro de 2019 a março de 2020. O referencial analítico da Vulnerabilidade pautou a discussão. Resultados: no plano individual, os contextos de vulnerabilidade eram questões de gênero, raça/cor parda e preta, baixa escolaridade, período reprodutivo e alta paridade. No plano social, a ausência de inserção no mercado de trabalho, renda familiar na linha da pobreza, relações intrafamiliares abusivas, comportamento aditivo na família e violência na comunidade de convivência. No plano programático encontraram-se baixa procura a serviços de saúde, ausência de acolhimento para o tratamento do uso de drogas, rastreio para o uso de drogas deficitário, baixo vínculo com as equipes da saúde da família, ausência de atendimento odontológico, psicológico e do serviço social, inserção no nível de assistência pré-natal inadequado, risco habitual, enquanto deveriam ter sido classificadas como alto risco, e média de consultas pré-natal abaixo do preconizado. Conclusão: o estudo permitiu avançar nos contextos de vulnerabilidade dessas gestantes. O (re)conhecimento destes contextos possibilita a formulação de estratégias de redução de danos e de agravos à saúde materno fetal relacionados ao uso de drogas durante a gravidez, conduzindo a um desfecho gestacional favorável.

Fear of missing out (FOMO): overview, theoretical underpinnings, and literature review on relations with severity of negative affectivity and problematic technology use

This article discusses the fear of missing out (FOMO) on rewarding experiences, an important psychological construct in contemporary times. We present an overview of the FOMO construct and its operational definition and measurement. Then, we review recent empirical research on FOMO's relationship with levels of online social engagement, problematic technology and internet communication use, negative affectivity, and sociodemographic variables. Additionally, we discuss theoretical conceptualizations regarding possible causes of FOMO and how FOMO may drive problematic internet technology use. Finally, we discuss future directions for the empirical study of FOMO.

Internet addiction among adolescents in a western brazilian amazonian city / Dependência de internet em adolescentes de uma cidade na amazônia ocidental brasileira

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the prevalence and factors associated with internet addiction in a sample of high school adolescents in Acre, a state in northern Brazil. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,387 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old enrolled in high schools in the city of Rio Branco, Acre. A structured questionnaire with questions about demographics, family and behavioral patterns was applied. Internet addiction was verified using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), with a cutoff equal to or greater than 70 points. The associated factors were identified by multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: The overall prevalence of Internet addiction was 10.6%. Higher dependence was observed in females. The factors associated with Internet addiction were being female, using the computer for more than two hours a day during weekdays and on the weekend, not practicing physical activities and going out to dance at nightclubs and concerts at least once a month. A protective association of reading habits in relation to Internet dependence was observed. Conclusions: The present study showed a high prevalence of Internet dependence, with female adolescents being more susceptible. Behavioral aspects were associated with internet dependence in a sample of adolescents from Rio Branco, Acre.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados à dependência de internet em uma amostra de adolescentes do ensino médio no Acre. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado com 1.387 adolescentes entre 14 e 18 anos regularmente matriculados em instituições de ensino médio no município de Rio Branco, Acre. Questionário estruturado com questões sobre aspectos demográficos, sociais, familiares e comportamentais foi aplicado. A dependência de internet foi verificada pelo internet addiction test (IAT), com ponto de corte igual ou superior a 70. Os fatores associados foram identificados mediante regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência geral para dependência de internet foi de 10,6%. Maior dependência foi evidenciada no sexo feminino. Os fatores associados à dependência de internet foram ser do sexo feminino, utilizar o computador por mais de duas horas diárias durante o meio de semana e no fim de semana, não praticar atividade física e sair por pelo menos uma vez ao mês para dançar em boates e shows. Observou-se associação protetora do hábito de leitura em relação à dependência de internet. Conclusões: O presente estudo evidenciou alta prevalência para dependência de internet, sendo as adolescentes do sexo feminino mais suscetíveis. Aspectos comportamentais estiveram associados à dependência de internet em uma amostra de adolescentes de Rio Branco.

Conducta suicida y dualidad en trastornos por consumo de sustancias en drogodependientes ecuatorianos / Suicidal behavior and duality in disorders due to substance use among Ecuatorian drug addicts

Introducción: El consumo de drogas es considerado un elemento favorecedor de las conductas suicidas. En la medida que aumenta la frecuencia, intensidad, tiempo de consumo y la coexistencia con otros trastornos mentales también se incrementa la probabilidad de un comportamiento violento hacia sí mismo. Objetivo: Caracterizar pacientes adictos ecuatorianos con conductas suicidas y determinar posibles interacciones entre las variables sociodemográficas y de consumo consideradas. Método: Estudio transversal con pacientes drogodependientes que han sido ingresados en la Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil (INC) en el periodo 2010-2016. Se seleccionó una población de 922 pacientes que refirieron algún tipo de conducta suicida luego de haber comenzado el consumo de drogas, incluyendo la ideación y el intento suicidas en cualquiera de sus variantes. Resultados: En este análisis se observó que la población masculina predominó en este grupo de estudio, de los cuales aproximadamente 4 de cada 10 intentaron suicidarse (36,3 por ciento), mientras que las mujeres fueron aproximadamente 5 de cada 10 (46,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: Entre los pacientes con conductas suicidas que ingresaron en Unidad de Conductas Adictivas del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil, Ecuador, entre el 2014 y 2017, predominaron mujeres que sufrieron de depresión o tenían comorbilidad con la esquizofrenia. Se trata de mujeres jóvenes de entre 15 a 25 años, que se iniciaron en el consumo de drogas entre los 15 y 20 años de edad, con intentos suicidas previos y depresión(AU)

Introduction: Illicit drug use is considered a favorable element highly associated to suicidal behavior. As the frequency, intensity, time of consumption and coexistence with other mental disorders, the probability of violent behavior towards oneself also increases. Objective: To characterize drug addict patients with suicidal behavior and determine possible links between sociodemographic and consumption variables. Method: A cross-sectional study in drug addict patients admitted in the Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) setted at the Instituto de Neurociencias (INC) in Guayaquil, Ecuador, was carried out, in the period 2010 throughout 2016. A total of 922 patients who referred any kind of suicidal behavior (including any kind of suicidal ideation or suicidal intent) were selected. Results: This research revealed that male population was predominant, in which 4 of 10 attempted suicide (36.3 percent), meanwhile in females was 5 in 10 approximately (46.3 percent). Conclusions: Among patients with suicidal behavior admitted in the Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) setted at the Instituto de Neurociencias (INC) in Guayaquil, Ecuador, between 2014 and 2017, women who suffered depressive symptoms or had schizophrenia as comorbidity were predominant. Women 15 to 20 years of age and with previous suicidal intent and depressive symptoms(AU)

Introdução: O uso de drogas é considerado um elemento que favorece o comportamento suicida. À medida que aumenta a frequência, intensidade, tempo de consumo e convivência com outros transtornos mentais, aumenta também a probabilidade de comportamento violento contra si mesmo. Objetivo: Caracterizar os dependentes químicos equatorianos com comportamento suicida e determinar as possíveis interações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e de consumo consideradas. Método: Estudo transversal com pacientes dependentes químicos internados na Unidad de Conductas Adictivas (UCA) del Instituto de Neurociencias de Guayaquil (INC), Equador, no período de 2010-2016. Foi selecionada uma população de 922 pacientes que relataram algum tipo de comportamento suicida após o início do uso da droga, incluindo ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio em qualquer uma de suas variantes Resultados: Nesta análise observou-se que a população masculina predominou neste grupo de estudo, da qual aproximadamente 4 em 10 tentativas de suicídio (36,3 porcento), enquanto as mulheres foram aproximadamente 5 em 10 (46,3porcento). Conclusões: Entre os pacientes com comportamento suicida internados na Unidade de Comportamento Aditivo do Instituto de Neurociências de Guayaquil, Equador, entre 2014 e 2017, predominaram mulheres que sofriam de depressão ou apresentavam comorbidade com esquizofrenia. São mulheres jovens entre 15 e 25 anos, que começaram a usar drogas entre 15 e 20 anos, com tentativas anteriores de suicídio e depressão(AU)

Disclosure Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors in Recovery from Problematic Alcohol Use: A US Sample

Abstract Social support has been found to positively assist in recovery from problematic alcohol use. This project examined the relationship between disclosure of alcohol recovery status to social connections, and longest period of alcohol abstinence. This cross-sectional study had (N=154) adult participants from the US who were in recovery from problematic alcohol use. Beyond demographic data, participants reported on a variety of things including medical, psychiatric and recovery history. Longest period of alcohol abstinence was associated with participant's level of openness to disclosure, belief in the efficacy of disclosing, number of social connections disclosed to and categories of people one disclosed to. The most common social connections disclosed to were close friends, support groups, and healthcare providers. Disclosing to one's parents, grandparents and children corresponded to the longest periods of alcohol abstinence. Our findings suggest that disclosing recovery status to social connections may support longer periods of alcohol abstinence.

Resumen Se ha comprobado que el apoyo social contribuye positivamente a la recuperación del consumo problemático de alcohol. Este proyecto examinó la relación entre la divulgación del estado de recuperación del alcohol a las conexiones sociales y el período más largo de abstinencia de alcohol. Este estudio transversal tuvo (N=154) participantes adultos de los Estados Unidos que se estaban recuperando del consumo problemático de alcohol. Más allá de los datos sociodemográficos, los participantes informaron sobre una variedad de cosas, incluyendo historia médica, psiquiátrica y de recuperación. El período más largo de abstinencia de alcohol se asoció con el nivel de apertura de los participantes a la divulgación, el número de conexiones sociales reveladas y las categorías de personas a las que se reveló. Las conexiones sociales más comunes reveladas fueron amigos cercanos, grupos de apoyo y proveedores de atención médica. Revelar a los padres, abuelos e hijos correspondía a los períodos más largos de abstinencia al alcohol. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que revelar el estado de recuperación a las conexiones sociales puede apoyar períodos más largos de abstinencia al alcohol.

Fundamentos teóricos para un estudio sobre la ludopatía / Theoretical foundations for a study on compulsive gambling

RESUMEN El presente texto hace referencia al uso de las nuevas tecnologías entre los adolescentes y jóvenes y al modo en que a nivel mundial llega a convertirse en una conducta adictiva, debido a su empleo inadecuado en esta población. Su objetivo está dirigido a fundamentar los elementos epistemológicos sobre la ludopatía para su atención. Se incursiona en cuestiones inherentes a las adicciones, la drogadicción y en particular sobre la ludopatía y sus consecuencias en los sujetos comprendidos entre las edades mencionadas. Este artículo constituye una salida del proyecto de investigación Sistema de estrategias educativas para la prevención de conductas adictivas en los adolescentes del área de salud Tula Aguilera, el cual gestiona el Centro para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud, de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. El tipo de estudio es de carácter Investigación Desarrollo y se ejecutó en el período comprendido entre enero de 2017 y febrero de 2020.

ABSTRACT The present text makes reference to the use of the new technologies among the adolescents and young and to the way in that its inadequate employment at world level in the people, ends up becoming an addictive behavior. Their objective is directed to base the elements epistemológicos of the treatment of the ludopatía, from the school activity. This article constitutes an exit of the project of investigation System of educational strategies for the prevention of addictive behaviors in the adolescents of the area of health Tula Aerie, which negotiates the Center for the Development of the Social and Humanistic Sciences in Health, of the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. The study type is of character Investigation Development and it was executed in the period understood between January of 2017 and February of 2020.

Cross-cultural adaptation, factor structure, and evidence of reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in Brazil

Objective: To translate, adapt, and examine the factor structure and internal consistency of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-BR) among university students. Methods: The SAS was translated and adapted for use with Brazilian samples. The resulting instrument (SAS-BR) was then administered to 356 college students. Parallel analysis was used to explore the maximum number of dimensions that underlie the assessment, and data modeling was undertaken using exploratory multidimensional item response theory (E-MIRT). The reliability of the SAS-BR was tested by computing McDonald's omega (ω) and Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficients. Results: Parallel analysis revealed a maximum of six factors. E-MIRT analysis revealed that a five-factor model was the best fit for the data. The five emergent factors were salience, positive anticipation, cyberspace-oriented relationship, preoccupation with smartphone, and physical symptoms; these factors together explained 50% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis, conducted using data from a second sample, replicated the five-factor structure. The internal consistency of the scale was found to be strong. Conclusion: The emergent factor structure of the SAS-BR was found to be similar to that of previous adaptations of this instrument for other Western countries.

Prevalence and risk factors for internet gaming disorder

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) and associated risk factors in a sample of secondary and postsecondary students from a public federal institution of higher education (Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia) in Southern Brazil. Methods: The study included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI-BR), the Mini-Social Phobia Inventory (Mini-SPIN), and the Game Addiction Scale (GAS). Finally, IGD was measured with the Brazilian version of the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), which has been psychometrically validated in this population. Results: Overall, 38.2% (n=212) of the sample exhibited IGD symptoms, with 18.2% (n=101) being classed as at-risk gamers. Regression analysis found IGD to be associated with male gender, severe depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality, increased time spent gaming, and total free time spent gaming (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of IGD in this sample was relatively high, and associated risk factors found were similar to those previously reported in the literature. Further studies investigating the epidemiology of IGD in Brazilian samples are warranted to better understand treatment needs and inform preventive measures in this population.

Prevenção de recaídas baseada em mindfulness no tratamento do tabagismo - Brasil / Relapse Prevention Based on Mindfulness in the Treatment of Tobacco Dependence - Brazil / Prevención de recaídas basada en Mindfulness en el tratamiento del tabaquismo - Brasil

Resumo Realizou-se um ensaio clínico randomizado com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos de um programa de Prevenção de Recaídas baseado em mindfulness no tratamento do tabagismo. O estudo foi conduzido no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial de Álcool e Drogas (CAPSad) em 2017 na cidade de Porto Velho, capital de Rondônia, Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa 52 pacientes em tratamento para o tabagismo, com idades entre 29 a 60 anos de ambos os sexos, usuários apenas de tabaco. Para a realização deste trabalho foram formados dois grupos: G1=experimental e G2=controle, ambos formados por 26 cada um. No pré-teste, os dados mostraram não haver diferença significativa entre esses dois grupos. Na comparação do pós-teste ocorreu uma diferença significativa na diminuição dos sintomas de ansiedade (p = 0,043) e nível de monóxido de carbono-CO2 (p = 0,03) nos pulmões dos participantes. No resultado da análise de proporção, houve diferença no G1 pós-intervenção com diminuição de sintomas de ansiedade (p == <0,001), depressão (p = 0,012) e monóxido de carbono (p = <0,001), respectivamente. Estes achados mostraram efeitos significativos do mindfulness para a pre- venção de recaídas e diminuição de sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e nível de monóxido de carbono nos pulmões, no G1 pós-intervenção nos pacientes fumantes e fumantes dependentes em tratamento no CAPSad.

Abstract A randomized clinical trial was conducted to analyze the effects of a Mindful-ness-based relapse prevention program for tobacco dependence treatment. The study was conducted at the Center for Psychosocial Care of Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad), in the city of Porto Velho, capital of Rondônia, Brazil, 2017. 52 patients aged between 29 to 60, of both sexes, who were only tobacco users, participated in the research. To carry out this study, two groups were made up: G1 = experimental and G2 = control, both consisted of 26 people. In the pre-test, the data showed that there was no significant difference between these two groups. In the post-test comparison, there was a considerable difference in the reduction of anxiety symptoms (p = 0.043) and carbon monoxide-CO2 level (p = 0.03) in the lungs of smoking patients. In the result of the proportion analysis, there was a difference in G1 post-intervention with decreased symptoms of anxiety (p = <0.001), depression (p = 0.012) and carbon monoxide (p = <0.001), respectively. These fin-dings showed significant effects of mindfulness in preventing relapse and reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression and carbon monoxide level the post-intervention group of smokers and dependent smokers treated at CAPSad.

Resumen Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado con el objetivo de analizar los efectos de un programa de prevención de recaídas basado en Mindfulness para el tratamiento del tabaquismo. El estudio se realizó en el Centro de Atención Psicosocial del Alcohol y las Drogas (CAPSad), en 2017, en la ciudad de Porto Velho, capital de Rondônia, Brasil. Participaron en la investigación 52 pacientes, de ambos sexos, con edades comprendi-das entre 29 y 60 años, consumidores de tabaco solamente. Para la realización de este trabajo, se formaron dos grupos: G1 = experimental y G2 = control, formados por 26 personas cada uno. En la prueba previa, los datos mostraron que no había diferencia significativa entre los grupos. En la comparación de los resultados en la prueba pos-terior se halló una diferencia significativa en la reducción de los síntomas de ansiedad (p = 0.043) y en el nível de monóxido de carbono-CO2 (p = 0.03) em los pulmones de los participantes. Como resultado del análisis de proporciones, se presentó una diferencia en el G1 en la prueba posterior, con síntomas disminuidos de ansiedad (p = <0.001), depresión (p = 0.012) y monóxido de carbono (<0.001), respectivamente. Estos hallazgos mostraron los efectos significativos del mindfulness para la pre-vención de recaídas y reducción de los síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y nível de monóxido de carbono em los pulmones, en el grupo de experimento posterior a la intervención en fumadores y fumadores dependientes que reciben tratamiento en el CAPSad.

Cybervictimization, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Addictive Behavior toward Social Media / Cibervictimización, Depresión, Ideación Suicida, y Comportamiento Adictivo hacia Redes Sociales

Abstract An addictive behavior is considered to exist when there is excessive use, loss of control and tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms which cause negative repercussions in everyday life and become a concern where other psychopathological problems may manifest. The objective of this study was to develop an explanatory model of cybervictimization, depression, suicidal ideation and addictive behavior toward social media. Instruments that measured these variables were applied to a total sample of 406 university students. A significant correlation was found between addictive behavior toward social media, cybervictimization, depression, and suicidal ideation. The model explained that cybervictimization and depression can lead to two outcomes: an addictive behavior toward social media, or suicidal thoughts. These results contribute to a better understanding of current phenomenon such as cybervictimization and addictive behavior toward social media with respect to depression and suicidal ideation. A deeper investigation is recommended to create preventive and intervention programs for healthy Internet usage for young people.

Resumen Se considera que existe un comportamiento adictivo cuando hay un uso excesivo, pérdida de control y tolerancia, y síntomas de abstinencia que causan repercusiones negativas en la vida cotidiana y se convierten en una preocupación donde pueden manifestarse otros problemas psicopatológicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo explicativo de cibervictimización, depresión, ideación suicida y comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales. Los instrumentos que midieron estas variables se aplicaron a una muestra total de 406 estudiantes universitarios. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre el comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales, la cibervictimización, la depresión y la ideación suicida. El modelo explicó que la cibervictimización y la depresión pueden conducir a dos resultados: un comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales o pensamientos suicidas. Estos resultados contribuyen a una mejor comprensión del fenómeno actual, como la cibervictimización y el comportamiento adictivo hacia las redes sociales con respecto a la depresión y la ideación suicida. Se recomienda una investigación más profunda para crear programas preventivos e de intervención para el uso saludable de Internet para los jóvenes.

Predictors of problematic smartphone use among university students

Abstract Predictors of problematic smartphone use have been found mainly in studies on elementary and high school students. Few studies have focused on predictors related to social network and messaging apps or smartphone model. Thus, the objective of our study was to identify predictors of problematic smartphone use related to demographic characteristics, loneliness, social app use, and smartphone model among university students. This cross-sectional study involved 257 Brazilian university students who answered a smartphone addiction scale, a questionnaire about smartphone usage patterns, and the Brazilian version of the UCLA-R loneliness scale. Women, iPhone owners, and users of Instagram and Snapchat had significantly higher smartphone addiction scores. We found correlations between scores for the Brazilian version of smartphone addiction scale and the importance attributed to WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, and the Brazilian version of the UCLA-R loneliness scale. Our hierarchical regression model predicted 32.2% of the scores of the Brazilian version of the smartphone addiction scale, with the greatest increase in predictive capability by the step that added smartphone social app importance, followed by the step that added loneliness. Adding the smartphone model produced the smallest increase in predictive capability. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.

Adicción a internet y rendimiento académico de estudiantes de Odontología / Internet Addiction and Academic Performance in Dental Students

RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la adicción a internet (AI) y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Cartagena. Material y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 402 estudiantes, seleccionados de modo no probabilístico, que respondieron a un cuestionario anónimo autoaplicado que incluía variables sociodemográficas, rendimiento académico (promedio acumulado del último semestre), presencia de AI (test de Young) y variables relacionadas con la AI en función del rendimiento académico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de proporciones, relaciones entre variables con test de la X 2, y la asociación se obtuvo por razones de disparidad (OR) a través de regresión logística nominal. Resultados: El 75,3% de los estudiantes mostraban AI; el 24,63% utilizaba internet mucho menos que la población promedio; el 73,13% mostraba una AI leve; el 2,24%, una AI moderada y no hubo casos de AI grave; el 5,2% tenía bajo rendimiento académico. En el análisis multivariable, el modelo que mejor explica la AI en relación con el rendimiento académico fue: estudiar en semestres inferiores (OR = 0,54; IC95%, 0,32-0,91), estudiar en lugar distinto de la casa (OR = 3,38; IC95%, 1,71-6,68), usar elemento no portátil para estudiar (OR = 0,41; IC95%, 0,19-0,89), chatear por celular (OR = 2,43; IC95%, 1,45-3,06) y demorar más de 18 min (OR = 3,20; IC95%, 1,71-5,99) mientras se estudia. Conclusiones: El rendimiento académico no se asocia con la AI. Sin embargo, estudiar en semestres inferiores, en un lugar distinto de la casa, emplear elementos no portátiles para estudiar e invertir más de 18 min en contestar el celular y chatear mientras se estudia son covariables estadísticamente asociadas con la AI.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between Internet addiction (IA) and academic performance in dental students at the University of Cartagena. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 402 students included through non-probabilistic sampling who answered an anonymous and self-reporting questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables, academic performance (last semester overall grade), presence of IA (Young's Test) and covariates related to IA based on academic performance. Data were analysed by means of proportions, relationships between variables with the X 2 test and strength of association was estimated with odds ratios (OR) using nominal logistic regression. Results: Approximately 24.63% of the students used the Internet much less than the average population, but 75.3% had IA; 73.13% of cases were considered mild and 2.24% moderate. There were no severe cases. Around 5.2% had poor academic performance. In multivariate analysis, the model that best explained IA in relation to academic performance was: studying in lower-level courses (OR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.32-0.91); studying in a different places of the house (OR=3.38; 95% CI, 1.71-6.68); not using laptop for studying (OR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.19-0.89), chatting on mobile phone (OR=2.43; 95% CI, 1.45-3.06); and spending more than 18 minutes on mobile phone while studying (OR=3.20; 95% CI, 1.71-5.99). Conclusions: Academic performance was not associated with AI. However, studying in lower-level courses, in a different place of the house, not using laptop to study, and spending more than 18 minutes answering their mobile phone and chatting on mobile phone while studying were covariates statistically associated with IA.

Uso de videojuegos en alumnos de la escuela secundaria y factores asociados / Video game use among secondary school students and associated factors

Introducción: el avance de la tecnología e internet aumentaron la frecuencia con que los niños utilizan videojuegos. El objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia y patrones de uso y la adicción a videojuegos (AVJ) en alumnos de secundaria y la relación con factores sociodemográficos, familiares e individuales. Población y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal en cuatro escuelas secundarias. Se realizó un cuestionario estructurado a los padres y la "Videogame Addiction Scale for Children (VASC)" a los alumnos jugadores de videojuegos. Resultados: se incluyó a 297 alumnos; 245 (82,5 %) jugaban a videojuegos. La tasa total de AVJ fue 1,6 % en toda la muestra. La tasa de AVJ fue 3,1 % entre los varones. La media geométrica para VASC (MG-VASC) fue mayor en varones y alumnos obesos (p < 0,001, p = 0,022, respectivamente). Los alumnos que utilizan redes sociales tuvieron puntajes más altos (p = 0,034). Las consolas, los juegos en línea y multijugador aumentan los puntajes de la MG-VASC (p = 0,028, p = 0,002, p = 0,016, respectivamente). Los juegos de guerra y estrategia tenían MG-VASC más elevadas (p < 0,001, p = 0,034, respectivamente). Los juegos de ingenio y casuales se relacionaron con puntajes menores (p = 0,006, p = 0,004, respectivamente).Conclusiones. Ser varón, ser obeso, usar redes sociales, tener consola, jugar a géneros específicos (guerra o estrategia), y los juegos en línea y multijugador están relacionados a mayores puntajes de la VASC en alumnos de secundaria. Los estudios prospectivos y las medidas preventivas deberían centrarse en esto.

Introduction: The rapid progress of technology and widespread use of internet has increased thefrequency of video gaming among children. The objective was to determine the frequency and patterns of video game use and video game addiction (VGA) in secondary school students and the relationship with socio-demographic, familial and individual factors. Population and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in four secondary schools in varied sociodemographic characteristics. A structured questionnaire was applied to the parents who agreed to participate. 'Videogame Addiction Scale for Children (VASC)' was performed to the video-gamer students. Results: 297 healthy students were included; 245 (82.5 %) reported as video game players. The rate of VGA was 1.6 % in our whole sample. The VGA rate was 3.1 % within the male students. VASC-Geometric Mean Score (VASC-GMS) was significantly higher in male and obese children (p < 0.001, p= 0.022, respectively). Students who use socialmedia also had higher scores (p= 0.034). Gaming consoles, online games or games with multiplayers increase the VASC-GMS scores (p= 0.028, p= 0.002, p= 0.016, respectively). War and strategy games lead higher VASC-GMS (p < 0.001, p= 0.034, respectively). In contrast, mind and casual games were related to lower VASC-GMS (p= 0.006, p= 0.004, respectively).Conclusions. It was observed that being male, being obese, use of social media, game console ownership, playing specific game genres (war or strategy games), online and multiplayer games are related to higher scores of video game addiction scale in secondary school students. Future prospective studies and preventive measures on VGA should focus on these factors.

The association between aggression and risk of Internet gaming disorder in Korean adolescents: the mediation effect of father-adolescent communication style / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Open and supportive communication between parents and children is known to reduce adolescents' delinquent behavior. Recently, the risk of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been increasing in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of parent-child communication styles on the relationship between adolescent aggressiveness and risk of IGD.METHODS: Participants in this study were 402 first-year students from 4 middle schools in Seoul who enrolled in the Internet user Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of gaming disorder in Early adolescence (iCURE) and completed baseline assessment in 2016. The structural equation model was constructed based on an aggression questionnaire, the Internet game use-elicited symptom screen, a mother-child communication inventory, and a father-child communication inventory.RESULTS: Adolescents' aggressiveness was found to be related to their risk of IGD. The father-child communication style mediated the relationship between aggression and risk of IGD. However, the mother-child communication style had no mediating effect.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that fathers should make an effort to improve open and positive communication skills with their children, because the father-child communication style plays an important role in the relationship between adolescent aggressiveness and risk of IGD.

Exploring the Differences between Adolescents' and Parents' Ratings on Adolescents' Smartphone Addiction

BACKGROUND: Smartphone addiction has recently been highlighted as a major health issue among adolescents. In this study, we assessed the degree of agreement between adolescents' and parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction. Additionally, we evaluated the psychosocial factors associated with adolescents' and parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction. METHODS: In total, 158 adolescents aged 12–19 years and their parents participated in this study. The adolescents completed the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and the Isolated Peer Relationship Inventory (IPRI). Their parents also completed the SAS (about their adolescents), SAS-Short Version (SAS-SV; about themselves), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We used the paired t-test, McNemar test, and Pearson's correlation analyses. RESULTS: Percentage of risk users was higher in parents' ratings of adolescents' smartphone addiction than ratings of adolescents themselves. There was disagreement between the SAS and SAS-parent report total scores and subscale scores on positive anticipation, withdrawal, and cyberspace-oriented relationship. SAS scores were positively associated with average minutes of weekday/holiday smartphone use and scores on the IPRI and father's GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores. Additionally, SAS-parent report scores showed positive associations with average minutes of weekday/holiday smartphone use and each parent's SAS-SV, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scores. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that clinicians need to consider both adolescents' and parents' reports when assessing adolescents' smartphone addiction, and be aware of the possibility of under- or overestimation. Our results can not only be a reference in assessing adolescents' smartphone addiction, but also provide inspiration for future studies.

The association between aggression and risk of Internet gaming disorder in Korean adolescents: the mediation effect of father-adolescent communication style / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Open and supportive communication between parents and children is known to reduce adolescents' delinquent behavior. Recently, the risk of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has been increasing in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effects of parent-child communication styles on the relationship between adolescent aggressiveness and risk of IGD. METHODS: Participants in this study were 402 first-year students from 4 middle schools in Seoul who enrolled in the Internet user Cohort for Unbiased Recognition of gaming disorder in Early adolescence (iCURE) and completed baseline assessment in 2016. The structural equation model was constructed based on an aggression questionnaire, the Internet game use-elicited symptom screen, a mother-child communication inventory, and a father-child communication inventory. RESULTS: Adolescents' aggressiveness was found to be related to their risk of IGD. The father-child communication style mediated the relationship between aggression and risk of IGD. However, the mother-child communication style had no mediating effect. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that fathers should make an effort to improve open and positive communication skills with their children, because the father-child communication style plays an important role in the relationship between adolescent aggressiveness and risk of IGD.